不定式(Infinitive)和动名词(Gerund)
概述
不定式和动名词都是动词形式,在英语语法中有不同的用途和形式。理解它们的区别、语法形式和用法,对于提高语言表达的准确性很重要。
不定式(Infinitive)
形式
不定式通常由 "to + 动词原形" 构成。
示例:
- to eat
- to run
- to write
用法
作主语:
- To read is fun. (阅读很有趣。)
作宾语:
- She wants to learn Spanish. (她想学西班牙语。)
作表语:
- His goal is to become a doctor. (他的目标是成为一名医生。)
作定语:
- He has a report to write. (他有一份报告要写。)
作状语:
- I went to the store to buy some milk. (我去商店买牛奶。)
示例
- To travel around the world is my dream. (环游世界是我的梦想。)
- She promised to help me. (她答应帮助我。)
- I have some letters to write. (我有一些信要写。)
动名词(Gerund)
形式
动名词由动词加上 -ing 构成。
示例:
- eating
- running
- writing
用法
作主语:
- Swimming is good exercise. (游泳是很好的锻炼。)
作宾语:
- He enjoys reading books. (他喜欢读书。)
作表语:
- Her hobby is painting. (她的爱好是画画。)
作定语:
- There is a swimming pool in the backyard. (后院有一个游泳池。)
用于某些特定动词之后: 常见的动词包括:enjoy, avoid, mind, suggest, practice 等。
- I enjoy cooking. (我喜欢做饭。)
- She suggested going to the park. (她建议去公园。)
示例
- Running every day is good for health. (每天跑步对健康有好处。)
- He avoided answering the question. (他避免回答问题。)
- Her job involves traveling a lot. (她的工作涉及到很多出差。)
不定式和动名词的区别
形式区别:
- 不定式通常是 "to + 动词原形"。
- 动名词通常是 "动词 + ing"。
用法场景差异:
- 某些动词只能与不定式连用,例如:want, hope, need 等。例:I want to leave. (我想离开。)
- 某些动词只能与动名词连用,例如:enjoy, avoid, mind 等。例:I enjoy swimming. (我喜欢游泳。)
- 某些动词可以两者都连用,但意思有所区分,例如:stop, forget, remember 等。
意义区别:
- 不定式通常表达未实现的、未来的、抽象的动作或状态。
- 动名词通常表示已实现的或正在进行的动作或状态。
不定式和动名词常见的混淆场景
动词本身决定用哪种形式
只能跟动名词的动词:enjoy, avoid, mind, suggest 等。
- She enjoys reading. (她喜欢阅读。)
- He avoided answering the question. (他避免回答问题。)
只能跟不定式的动词:want, hope, decide, plan 等。
- She wants to learn Spanish. (她想学西班牙语。)
- He promised to help. (他答应帮忙。)
部分动词可以跟两者,但意思不同
Remember
- Remember to do (记得去做某事):
- Remember to lock the door. (记得锁门。)
- Remember doing (记得做过某事):
- I remember locking the door. (我记得锁了门。)
- Remember to do (记得去做某事):
Forget
- Forget to do (忘记去做某事):
- I forgot to buy milk. (我忘记买牛奶了。)
- Forget doing (忘记做过某事):
- I'll never forget meeting her. (我永远不会忘记遇见她。)
- Forget to do (忘记去做某事):
Stop
- Stop to do (停下来去做某事):
- He stopped to smoke. (他停下来抽烟。)
- Stop doing (停止做某事):
- He stopped smoking. (他戒烟了。)
- Stop to do (停下来去做某事):
Try
- Try to do (努力去做某事):
- I tried to learn Spanish. (我努力学习西班牙语。)
- Try doing (尝试做某事):
- Try switching it off and on again. (试一试关掉再打开。)
- Try to do (努力去做某事):
表达目的
动名词不能表达目的,但不定式可以直接表达目的。
- 用不定式表达目的:
- She is going to the store to buy some milk. (她去商店买牛奶。)
感官动词和动词短语
部分感官动词(hear, see, watch, feel)和一些使役动词(make, let)可以和动名词连用,表示经历或过程,不定式则表示某种意图。
感官动词:
- I heard him singing. (我听到他在唱歌。) - 强调动作连续。
- I heard him sing. (我听到他唱歌了。) - 强调动作完成。
使役动词:
- She made me wash the dishes. (她让我洗了碗。)
- He let me use his car. (他让我用了他的车。)
确定哪种形式的实用技巧
- 了解特定动词的搭配习惯:记住哪些动词只能跟不定式,哪些动词只能跟动名词。
- 理解两者区别:理解意思上的区别,并通过大量的阅读和练习来强化记忆。
- 找寻语言环境:语言环境和上下文可以帮助判断用哪种形式更合适。
总结
不定式和动名词在英语语法中扮演着不同的角色,并且在不同的应用场景中可能会表意相同或完全不同。通过理解不定式和动名词在不同动词和句子的应用场景,以及通过不断的练习和积累,可以有效地避免使用上的混淆。
通过以上细致的解释和示例,可以更好地理解不定式和动名词的用法及其差异。